Car paint consists of four layers: the metal/body panel, primer, base coat, and clear coat. The clear coat provides gloss and acts as a sacrificial barrier to protect the paint layer. On average, the factory clear coat layer is 50 microns thick. To put that into perspective, copy paper has a thickness of 100 microns. This translates to the clear coat itself is half as thick as a sheet of paper! As you abrade the paint with a dual-action polisher you can safely remove microscopic amounts of the clear coat without sacrificing the clear coat's integrity. This process erases scratches by leveling the clear coat layer. When a scratch is in the clear coat, it can safely be removed by wet sanded, compounded, and polished. However, if the scratch passes through the clear coat into another layer, the scratch can only be reduced, becoming less noticeable. This is a great way to improve looks, without requiring a trip to the body shop.
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